Discrimination In The White Tiger

Discrimination In The White Tiger The narrative techniques observed in these two novels are different each with its own unique style. This essay deals with the narrative technique employed by Harper Lee in To Kill a Mockingbird and Aravind Adiga in The White Tiger. A contrast is brought out between the narration presented by the protagonist Scout Finch in To Kill a Mockingbird and by Balram Halwai in The White Tiger. The lifestyle and situation presented in these two novels differ in their society as well as in their times. Scout Finch presents her story by the backdrop of the American society of the 1930s and Balram the Indian Society in the new millennium. These differences however bring out the common theme of discrimination observed, but from two different perspectives, with the help of examples from the prevailing conditions. This has been done by looking into the various factors of the narrative technique employed by these narrators. The style of writing, tone, characterization, backgrounds all vary in these two novels. Each of this is brought out by comparing and contrasting the narrative technique adopted by these two authors. All of this not only differentiates the style adopted to convey the message in each of these books but at the same time brings out the limitations and reliabilities of the two narrators. By doing so, the novels throw light on the age old social hierarchy in two different forms and does so from two unconventional perspectives, thus making them more believable. Introduction Discrimination is the theme in a flawless narrative by a lawyer in Alabama who later served in the legislature, as well as the theme in a powerful book by a young Indian traveler half a century later. To Kill a Mockingbird, by Harper Lee depicts the theme through the racial biases down south in the Americas of the early 1900s while The White Tiger, by Aravind Adiga depicts a similar divide through the metaphoric India of the darkness and India of light. This essay deals with the foregrounding of the theme of discrimination in Harper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird and AravindAdigas The White Tiger by a study of the narrative technique employed by the narrators. The narrator is the person chosen to convey the plot to the reader, and both the books being analyzed here have unconventional narrators whose gripping narration keeps the readers engaged through the book. In Lees To Kill a Mockingbird, Scout Finch is the narrator, with the perspective of a child from the age of five to eight through three summers in a row where she experiences the whole situation presented in the novel. Though the narration happens at a much later age, years after the incidents have unfolded; the innocence and naivety in the narrator have been retained. The narrator Balram Halwai in The White Tiger is however different. This narration is not as complex as Scout Finchs and is presented from the first persons point of view with this entrepreneur as its protagonist. He presents his life through a series of letters with an autobiographical element to it. Both these narrators bring out the common class divide observed by speech and dialogue, setting, age, tone, and plot. By doing so they present the same subject matter from two distinctive perspectives and this has been analyzed here. There is a complex narration observed in To Kill a Mockingbird from the perspective of a child as well as an adult. The narration is presented by Scout Finch from when she was eight years old. The adult narrator begins the novel by opening the story with the help of an analepsis. The adult narrator recounts the events in the way she experiences them as a child, without adding any commentary to it. She plunges straight into the story, which has been presented from a childs point of view and as Atticus points out, Theyve done it before and they did it tonight and theyll do it again and when they do it seems like only children weep  [1]  thus portraying the emotions she felt at that time. However the adult narrator brings out her understanding with age when she states, I never figured out how Atticus knew I was listening, and it was not until many years later that I realized he wanted me to hear every word he said  [2]  Her comments on her childhood naivety does not make her om niscient but definitely gives her the power of omniscience as she is able to look back on the events that have occurred and comment on the thoughts running in other peoples heads as she has matured considerably over time and has been able to understand many more things. The adult narrators lack of interference gives the reader a chance to embark on the journey which brings out this discrimination with the young Scout. By doing so they view the events in the light in which they occurred without any biases. Along with this they are also given a chance to observe the way the young Scout handled herself through this crisis and matured through it as she switches back to first person narration when she is directly involved in the action as seen in the court case of Tom Robinson. The reader is thus able to connect with the protagonist and experience the journey alongside her. By this, the reader is free to derive their own conclusion of what they read in the book, though she has limited them by providing it all from her point of view. The narrator further supports this narration when the adult Scout drops in subtle hints for the events she wants the readers to see when she says, We sometimes discussed the events leading to his actions.  [3]   The narrator Balram Halwai in The White Tiger is however different. Living a rags to riches story the protagonist emerges from the darkness to light, from the villages in Central India to New Delhi and then to Bangalore. Balram presents this autobiographical narration over seven nights through letters to Wen Jiabao, the Chinese Premier, shortly visiting India. His letters have an autobiographical element to it as it spans his life from his childhood to his present status and the journey from the darkness to light. Balrams narration brings out the Indian social hierarchy prevalent in society from his point of view, a very different version from what his master Mr. Ashok views it to be. While the latter condemns the country for having too many half baked men, Balram mocks the rich for having studied for decades and then finally taking orders from other men for the rest of their lives when he says, Entrepreneurs are made from half baked clay.  [4]   We see India as it is today from a member of a working classs perspective and we get an insight into much that we wouldnt under normal circumstances have given a thought to. Adiga presents a view of the world from the narrators perspective for the benefit of the reader, and this brings out the effect of using such an unconventional narrator. His use of the English language in its simplest form by the use of simple sentences reiterates his position in the society and makes him more appealing to the reader. This can be supported by: In the morning someone came into the room. It was ex driver number one.  [5]  This sentence spoken by Balram towards his colleague throws light onto the education he received for despite his age is he still spoke like a child. His cunning, sardonic tone applied when he states the above, makes him mean and a man of the world who has learned how to survive, creating an ambiguity of his age. There is a contrast between his age and speech here which furthe r brings out his position in society. His ambitions to reach the top of the hierarchy and clear away all the class distinctions put forth to him puts him at the apex of the situations that arise in his life, such as revealing the religious secret of driver one, and the murder of his master, Mr. Ashok. This makes the reader acquainted with the protagonist here and gives one the freedom to judge this character in the way one wants, similar to Scouts narration. Scout, as a narrator is perceived differently from him, for she is merely a viewer for the reasons of her troubles in society. The childish tone adopted by her brings out the truth in the fear felt by the society when something out of the ordinary happens, for instance with Boo Radley. They accuse him of being a ghost but Scout views him as a friend and fellow human being after he saves her life, when she says, Atticus was right. One time he said you never really know a man until you stand in his shoes and walk around in them.  [6]  This brings out a maturity in her and an understanding got with experience. By this, she comes across the prejudices faced by the adult society which were unknown to her. This aspect of her narration portrays her as a round character as more than one aspect of her character emerges through this. The directness with which she voices out her thoughts to Atticus can be compared to the bluntness with which Balram in The White Tiger expresses his opinion on the things around him. This brings out his upbringing in Darkness  [7]  , by the lack of refine to him as a person. His frequent exclamations while expressing his views, however harsh they might be, without any regret suggest this as well. His thirst to prove himself as educated and rich is brought in this tone adopted by him as he tries to prove himself to the Premier by referring to himself as a one of its most successful (though probably least known) businessman  [8]  . His tone brings out the pride he feels on the wrongs he did in his life to reach the top rung of the ladder of success when he says, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦I became, briefly, a person of national importance owing to an act of entrepreneurshipà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ã‚  [9]  He is in fact talking about murder in this context without any guilt. He tries to bring out his knowledge to the Premier in a way which suggests that he knows it all by listening to the people around him. This is supported by words such as apparently and I guess. These suggest an uncertainty and the idea of being made up as they support the ideas of being unsure. Scout Finch as presented by Lee does not try to prove herself and brings out her natural reactions towards the events which occurred in her childhood. The adult narrator does not try to modify any of her reactions as a child and presents is all in the sequence it occurred. She brings out her confusion and her imagination, thus presenting Balram as a very defensive character. Along with this she also brings out the hostilities faced by Atticus on taking up Tom Robinsons case. Scout is unable to understand all of this and cites her confusion. The title here plays an important role in foreshadowing the character of the narrator and highlights the theme of discrimination. A mockingbird stands for innocence. This motif of the mockingbird too arises in the novel four times through the course of her narration. One of which is the column written by B. B. Underwood on Toms death which goes against this discrimination and brings out the humanity that is present in such a society. On the other hand, the title The White Tiger, suggests uniqueness and rarity, acting as an epithet to the protagonist Balram. His unconventional narrative is brought out by his colloquial language seen in his exclamations as well as in the various parentheses like No: dont misunderstand. I had nothing to do with his death! But Ill explain later.  [10]  His use of this trivial incident of death while writing to a person as important as a Premier of a country sites his background and education. The choice of narrator here makes this discrimination observed more predictable as its presented is by a person who has been at the receiving end of it. This could also however be interpreted to be a little farfetched and not completely accurate for the experiences could have been exaggerated by the narrator so as to gain sympathy and prove himself right. The protagonist through the first person narrator is able to project his thoughts and feelings by his perspective. Scouts inner confusion comes out in this manner with the help of speech and dialogue in To Kill a Mockingbird, when she has to face the hostility of the society after Atticus takes up Tom Robinsons case. Her words are confused and she is not always aware of the events occurring around her. This brings out her imagination, her age and thus her character. In such times of uncertainty Scout also exhibits a maturity, when in conversation with Miss Maudy, where she states, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦but Atticus was only a man. It takes a woman to do that kind of work.  [11]  Along with this she also brings out her view of the racial discrimination that exists in society when she hears the ladies talking, and she admires Aunt Alexandra for her ability to put on a strong face even in the time of crises. Her view of everyone being equal because the working classes too has families as sh e has seen with the family retainer Calphurnia , makes her view point different from what an adult might have been at that time simply because her thoughts werent biased. Her speech also reveals the problems faced by her because of the biases. Her belief of equality between the white and black make her stand out against the biases of the society. She also presents the other characters from her point of view. They are biased according to what she makes them to be and are presented as part of her life and not explicitly for the readers. This taints them by the opinion she holds of them. This can be supported by her opinion on Walter Cunningham when she states He aint company, Cal, hes just a Cunnigham   [12]  All of these characters are characterized indirectly as they are all introduced by the narrator. This provides a limitation for the reader to judge them as they are all presented from the perspective of the narrator and are biased. This makes it unreliable for the reader to judge them. A similar pattern is observed in The White Tiger as well. The characters have all been tainted by Balrams point of view. They have been brought out in the sequence of action that occurs in his life and at the junctions where they play a part in making the narrator who he is today. His descriptions of his fellow characters and the events occurring are clear, concise though broken in some parts. The readers first impression of Mr. Ashok, his master is, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦a figure on the terrace, a fellow in long loose white clothes, walking around and around, lost deep in thought  [13]  .This not only highlights the contrast between the narrator here and in To Kill a Mockingbird, but also reiterates his position in society especially when he says, the moment I saw his face, I knew: This is the master for me.  [14]  This unconventional narrative contributes towards developing the narrator as a character by the turn of events in his life and once again reminds the reader of his upbri nging. The White Tigers cunning, ambitious nature is brought into focus with the way he exposes the driver number ones secret to their master and uses anothers downfall to reach his own success. This narrators view on the happenings around him combined with his style of getting things done his way defines him as an efficient protagonist who knows what happens around him and what still remains to be achieved. This confidence of his brings out a stark contrast to the narrator in To Kill a Mockingbird. Scout Finch is oblivious to the seriousness of the case taken up by Atticus to defend Tom Robinson, and because of this she is partially unaware of the social disgrace her family is facing and projects this by her childlike style of writing. The hardships faced by Balram in The White Tiger as seen with, Working in a tea shop. Smashing coals. Wiping tables. Bad news for meà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦?  [15]  infuses in this protagonist the class distinctions and presents the society around him from a very biased view as opposed to the narrative adopted in the other book where her opinion isnt as biased. Balrams narration is Adigas novel brings out his blunt, unrepentant and outright nature and the presence of mind and grit exhibited to reach the top of the social hierarchy. This is a startling contrast to Scout in Harper Lees novel. Her innocence and pain is contrasted to his ways of the world here. He knows how to get his way around and use the people around him to get his way. While Scout finds it a need to protect her father against peoples vile judgments of calling him a nigger lover, he unrepentantly awaits the murder of his family for his crimes. He presents his views on discrimination from the perspective of the higher class now that hes an entrepreneur himself. He presents discrimination of class based on power here as is seen by his actions, something he had initially gone against. Harper Lee in contrast to this brings out Scouts lack of understanding and interpretation of the seriousness of the situation by her speech and dialogue which describes her tomboyish and enthusia stic nature and her curiosity towards everything happening around her. She now sees the cruelty of children against their peers as she feels it herself and her tomboyish nature cannot be contained in such matters as is seen with, My fists were clenched I was ready to make fly. Cecil Jacobs had announced the day before that Scout Finchs daddy defended niggers.  [16]   Just as Balrams background brings out the unusual style of writing in The White Tiger, its Scouts age which brings out the unconventional narrative observed in To Kill a Mockingbird. It defines the innocence and imagination present in a child without that being tainted by the working of the real world. It brings out the world as is viewed by the narrator then and thus helps in bringing out the accuracy of events taking place. In contrast to this brings out the ambiguity in the reliability of the narration as it has been presented by a child. There were situations which were too serious for her and were presented more by her imagination than by the reality of it. This emphasizes the point of her being a child who cannot be completely trusted in her report for her interpretation is naÃÆ' ¯ve and cant be completely relied upon. The narrators age is however important here as without considering that the reader might misjudge her character. It brings out her naivety and innocence by th e lack of clear understanding in matters of grave seriousness such as the conviction against Tom Robinson. The truthfulness of a childs narration keeps the reader in its grasp by the suspense created by it and makes him believe her and empathize with her. Her tone and voice keeps the narration light though the topic matter is serious. Scouts perspective is distinguished from that of the societys and helps in bringing out discrimination at two levels. For one Scout is continually told by Aunt Alexandra to wear dresses and not play with the boys; and they are also condemned for supporting the blacks, as seen by her cousin when At a safe distance he called, Hes nothin but a nigger-lover.  [17]  Condemnation goes at two levels and brings out the magnitude of this theme in the book by highlighting its intensity and making it more believable. This theme of discrimination forms the basis of the plot which is developed by the controlled release of information. The characters are introduced one by one and the themes are introduced in the time of crises. This heightens its effect and makes the reader focus on it. The theme of discrimination is brought out when the whites insult the black. The adult narrators description of the other peoples reaction at the court scene brings out the dissatisfaction in the crowd as well as reinforces the prejudice of the jury towards the white, despite the Negro being innocent. The analepsis is used by Adiga in The White Tiger for a different effect. The plot has been constructed in such a way that the reader is continually reminded of the protagonists current position. This helps in concluding each letter and also making a reference to his office, which makes the reader acquainted to the present setting as well as bringing out a contrast between his past and present status. This is reinforced by his pride and constant references to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the chandelier has a personality of its own. Its a huge thing, full of diamond shaped glass pieces, just like the ones they used to show in the films of the 1970s.  [18]  in his tiny office. The plot deals with his brilliance in how he handles situations and on analyzing the people around him as he presents a very judgmental view on the other characters and presents them as he sees them a stark contrast to Scout Finchs narration. Conclusion The various aspects of the narrative technique presented by Harper Lee in To Kill a Mockingbird and by Aravind Adiga in The White Tiger have been analyzed through the course of the essay. The different styles on writing adopted by the writers to bring out the theme of discrimination, which has been analyzed here by looking at the tone, characterization, speech and dialogue, plot and setting of the two novels. The common style of using an analepsis has been brought out here, which helps in involving the reader into the plot. This makes the reader appreciate the work more as he is able to connect with it. One of the common aspects observed in this essay is the presentation of the plot without any external comments. This has left the reader with the choice to judge the characters and interpret the narrators intentions in the way he wants. Despite this, there are certain limitations which are provided for the way they make their judgments. This is observed by the narrators perspectives on the way they view their fellow characters and the events that occur. Scouts childish narration, supported by her confusion and maturity and Balrams sardonic tone adopted to bring out the world from the point of view of a lower class brings out theme of discrimination from an altogether different perspective. The narrative technique helps in throwing light on the life of the narrator and makes their tales more believable. Yet there are some limitations which crop up. Scout Finch is a child who doesnt understand all that happens around her. This makes her a little unreliable because of her tendency to let her imagination infuse with the reality of things. Despite this she presents a very unbiased view of the society around her, thus projecting the blacks and whites in the same light. Adiga on the other hand presents Balram Halwai as a person whose defensiveness makes him prove himself every time he claims to have done something. In doing so there are times where he might have exaggerated the course of the events that have occurred to draw sympathy towar ds himself and presents the society and its people from a very biased view. These two narrators bring out the same theme with different motives. There are however several limitations which I faced while writing this essay. One being the lack of secondary sources to back up my argument thus making me base my argument completely on the texts in hand and on my personal interpretation of it. Along with this I put together my data from a variety of sources as this topic of analysis here is not a well documented topic as it has been primarily based on class discrimination. There is also a scope of a more exhaustive study as this essay has only dealt with some of the aspects of the narrative technique such as the tone, setting, plot and so forth and much more can be said on these aspects of the narrative technique employed by these two authors. The representation of the theme of discrimination is similar in many aspects in these two novels. Both these authors have used a very unconventional way of bringing out this these. There is an attempt by the author to present these themes in such a way that the readers are easily able to connect with it and understand the underlying motives and intentions of the narrators. Lee has brought out such a serious topic from the perspective of a child through an analepsis, whereas Adiga presented his novel through the protagonist Balram Halwai by using some aspects of the Bildungsroman technique. By adopting these methods, they have provided one with scope for a very exhaustive analysis not only in the narrative techniques adopted but also on the other features to foreground this theme of racial discrimination.

Notebook: Love and Noah

The Notebook By Nicholas Sparks Major Characters * Allison Hamilton – seventeen year old heiress, who shared an epic summer romance to Noah. * Noah Calhoun – local country boy who fell in love to a city girl, Allison. * Anne Hamilton – Allison’s mother. * Lon Hammond – Allison’s fiance. Minor Characters * Martha Saw – a war widow, Noah’s girlfriend. * Frank Calhoun – Noah’s father. * John Hamilton – Allison’s father. * Fin – Noah’s friend. * Nurse Esther – a nurse working in the nursing home. Setting of the storyIn the movie, the setting took place in a modern day nursing home and in the story of the elderly man, the setting took place in Seabrook Island, North Carolina in the summer months of year 1940. Mood of the story The movie begins with an elderly man begins to read a story to his fellow patient. His story starts with a light and romantic moments of two young lovers sharing both their epic summer romance. As the story goes, the couple face conflicts and the characters are developing various emotional themes.At the peak of the conflict, the antagonist finally ceded on letting go and decided to make the protagonist chose her path essay writer site. It is revealed that the fellow patient is her wife and is suffering from a disease essay writers world reviews. The movie ends with gloomy scene and at the same time able to show the meaning of unconditional love. Biography of the author Sparks wrote his first novel in 1985 which never got published and another one in 1989, also not published. Sparks experimented with various careers trying to fit in but didn’t succeed.After trying his luck in publishing, law school, real estate and even waiting tables, he finally co wrote a novel named ‘A Lakota Journey to Happiness and Self-Understanding’ with Billy Mills Wokini. It sold about fifty thousand copies in the first year of being published. I n 1992 he tried a business in pharmaceuticals and the next year moved to Greenville, SC. That was when he wrote his renowned novel ‘The Notebook’. This novel was to become a launch pad for Sparks. A literary agent Theresa Park discovered his novel from her agency and offered to represent him.In 1995 Sparks had one million dollars in cash for ‘The Note Book’ from the famous Time Warner Book Group. After being published in 1996, ‘The Notebook’ made the best seller list of The New York Times instantly. Following this successful novel were exceptional writings one after the other out of which six were made into film adaptations. In 1999 ‘Message in a Bottle’, in 2002 ‘ A Walk to Remember, ‘The Note Book’ in 2004, ‘Nights in Rodanthe’ in 2008, then in 2010 ‘Dear John’ and ‘The Last Song’ . Nicholas Sparks has written 16 novels till 2010.His last novel till now ‘The Safe Hav en’ was published on 14th September 2010. His books ‘The Best of Me’ and also in the list ‘The Safe Haven’ are made into films and released in 2011. Another one of his book ‘The Lucky One’ is currently being filmed and will be released some time in 2012. Currently Nicholas Spark is living with his wife and five children in North Carolina. Being a religious man and firm believer in God, Sparks constantly contributes to various charities and schools. He also promotes writers by funding different scholarships, intern programs and fellowships.Sparks also started ‘MFA’ that is a creative writing program at the university he studied in (University of Notre Dame). He donated more than ten million dollars for the building of a Christian International School. Summary At a modern-day nursing home, an elderly man, whom people call â€Å"Duke† begins to read a  romantic love story from his notebook to an elderly woman, fellow p atient. His story begins in 1940. In  Seabrook Island. North Carolina, local country boy Noah Calhoun) is smitten with a seventeen-year-old heiress named Allie Hamilton after seeing her at a arnival, and they share an idyllic summer romantic love affair. Noah takes Allie to an abandoned house, which he explains he intends to buy for them. Later that evening, she asks him to make love to her, but they are interrupted by Noah's friend Fin with the news that Allie's parents have the police out looking for her. When Allie and Noah return to her parents' mansion, they ban her from seeing Noah, whom they say is â€Å"trash, trash, trash not for you! † The two break up, and the next morning, Allie's mother announces that the family is returning home to Charleston.Noah writes a letter each day to Allie for one year, but her mother, Anne, intercepts them all and keeps them hidden from Allie for an unknown reason. As each sweetheart/lover sees there is no contact from the other, Noah and Allie have no choice but to move on with their lives; Noah and Fin enlist to fight in  World Was II and Fin is killed in battle. Allie becomes a volunteer in a hospital for wounded soldiers, where she meets an officer named Lon Hammond, Jr. , a young lawyer who is handsome, sophisticated, and charming, and comes from old Southern money.The two eventually become engaged, to the delight of Allie's parents, but Allie pictures Noah's face when Lon asks her to marry him. When Noah returns home from the war, he discovers his father has sold their home so that Noah can buy the abandoned house, fulfilling his lifelong dream to buy it for Allie, whom by now he has not seen for several years. While visiting Charleston, Noah witnesses Allie and Lon playing cards at a restaurant; he convinces himself that if he fixes up the house, Allie will come back to him. Later, Allie is startled to read in the newspaper that Noah has completed the house, and she visits him in Seabrook.In the present , it is made clear that the elderly woman is in fact Allie, who is suffering from  Dementia   and cannot remember any of the events of the film so far. Duke, the man who is reading to her is, in fact, her husband, Noah, but Allie cannot recognize him. His children on a visit to see them, tells him that he needs to accept that she can't remember anymore. Duke tells them that the more he reads to their mother, the more she'll remember and he won't give up on her. Back in the 1940s, the day after Allie arrives in Seabrook, she and Noah renew their strong romantic relationship and make love.In the morning, Anne appears on Noah's doorstep, telling Allie that Lon has come to Seabrook to take her home. She takes her out for a drive and reveals that, twenty-five years earlier, she also loved a common man. Her parents disapproved of him and after banning her from seeing him again, she married her father whom they approved of being from a rich family. Anne leaves Allie with a bundle of le tters—all of Noah's letters, revealing that she had intercepted them as an attempt to protect her from getting her heart broken and hopes that she will make the right choice.Allie and Noah have an argument with each other and she leaves. While driving upset with him, she reads the last letter that he wrote her and feels betrayed by Anne for what she did in keeping the letters away from her. Allie returns to the hotel and confesses to Lon that she has been spending time with Noah. He is angry, but says that he still deeply loves her. Allie tells him she knows she should be with him, but she remains indecisive. In the present, Duke asks Allie whom she chose. Becoming lucid, she remembers that the story Duke was reading is the story of how they first met.After reading all of the letters, young Allie appears at Noah's doorstep, having left Lon at the hotel and chosen him. Elderly Allie suddenly remembers her past; after finding out about her illness, she herself wrote their story in the notebook with instructions for Noah to â€Å"read this to me, and I'll come back to you. † But minutes later Allie relapses, losing her memories of Noah again. She panics, not understanding who he is, and has to be sedated. The elderly Noah has a heart attack, and Allie is alone for a time.However, as soon as he is sufficiently recovered, Noah (â€Å"Duke†) goes to Allie's room one evening to find her lucid again. Allie questions Noah about what will happen to them when she will not be able to remember anything anymore, and he reassures her that he will never ever leave her. She asks him if he thinks their strong and mutual romantic love for each other is strong enough to â€Å"take them away together†; he replies that he thinks their strong romance could do anything. After telling each other they love one another, Noah adds â€Å"I'll be seeing you†.The next morning, a nurse comes into Allie's room, only to find Allie and Noah dead in each otherà ¢â‚¬â„¢s arms. As the camera pans out, we see they died holding hands. Interpretation The Notebook, a novel of Nicholas Sparks, his first published novel, and was based on true story. According to him, he was inspired to write this novel by the grandparents of his wife who has been married for a long time, and he tried to express that long romantic love in his novel. In the story, the socio economic status played an important role in an individual, as in the case of Anne Hamilton, on barring Noah to Allie and describing him as a trash.Much of her attitude is revealed when she believed and told Allie, that â€Å"Status is more important than feelings and our future is dictated by what we are as opposed to what we want†. This serve as antithetical statements regarding important themes in the story. Understandably she is an antagonist. In this case she acted to keep Noah away from Allie but also succeeded for 14 years. Fate and destiny is also showed in the movie which also happ ens in the real world. The one scene in the movie effectively shows the image of long lost lovers reunited.Fate may lend a hand in Allie seeing the newspaper clipping, she chose to lie to Lon and seek out Noah. The movie also embraces the exploration of love, the author also provides complications of the messiness that makes up real world love. The kind of love depicted in the movie clearly shows that it is more than a word, it covers the actions that accompany with words. Elements of the Novel Character Analysis Noah is the main character (protagonist) of  The Notebook. In many regards, Noah is the ideal man — he is faithful, idealistic, strong, good looking, a poet, and helpful to those in need.The Noah of the main narrative is almost too good to be true. He has a strong relationship with family and friends and is respectful to both nature and authority. He seemingly has no faults. Allie wants the best of both worlds as she represents the different types of love that exis t. In essence she is the embodiment of a thematic topic. As Allie grows and matures, so does her understanding of love. Her growth symbolizes the development of real love. Lon s the stereotypical, self-obsessed individual who realizes too late that his self-absorption is going to cost him his fiancee.Lon is also the embodiment of the conflict in  The Notebook. As a character, he is the one readers know as the obstacle to Allie's love. He is a dynamic character, but his change is a little too late. Anne is the antagonist. Although she works to keep Noah and Allie apart, she cannot be considered a villain, for she is not evil. Anne represents the difficulties that many parents have when trying to steer their children to adulthood. Fourteen years later, she attempts to atone for earlier mistakes, first by preparing Allie for Lon's impending visit, then by offering her support without being pushy.She also finally gives Noah's letters to Allie, and her final words may be encouraging Al lie to follow her heart. Point of View Instead of starting at the beginning and telling the story in chronological order, Nicholas Sparks beginsThe Notebook  near the end of what would be a linear narration and then employs both the framing technique and flashback to tell his tale. The main storyline is the reunion of Noah and Allie and the conflict that they face as they must decide the path their lives will now take.This particular event only lasts three days in 1946; however, important information that shapes their reunion occurred weeks and years earlier. If you imagine a picture in a frame, the reunion is the photograph. And the opening and closing chapters of the novel are set in the present, some 49 years later. The present-day storyline frames the reunion story. Although the frame represents the present and current storyline and the picture represents the reunion, within these two main storylines are other stories, some are episodes and others are vignettes, which are told in the form of a flashback.These stories, told within the context of the other storylines, fit within both the picture and the frame. And some of these smaller stories of earlier events frame even smaller stories of other events. Each story is distinct within itself while simultaneously being an integral part of a greater whole; every individual picture is a part of a bigger picture. This framework technique provides the structure of the plot, and flashback is the technique Sparks uses to tell the stories.Characters reveal these â€Å"framed† stories through their shared and private memories. Often the reader shares a flashback with a character that is not shared with any other character. The narrator also provides information. The narrator of  The Notebook  in the opening and closing chapters is Noah. But the narrator of the middle chapters provides a limited, third-person omniscient point of view. This perspective sometimes allows the readers into the mind of a charact er — typically Noah and Allie — but sometimes does not — such as Anne and Lon.This technique is important because it allows the storyline to flow seamlessly from past to present and back again. Stylistically, the narrative techniques work well because  The Notebook  is not just a love story; the novel also explores the nature of fate and free will and the way people interact with one another. The intricacies of relationships parallel the intricacies of poetry and the framing technique enables Sparks to weave the past together with the present, leading to the emotional climax and creating a compelling read along the way.

Polymer Concrete

POLYMER COCNCRETE 1. Introduction Despite being thought of as a modern material, concrete has been in use for hundreds of years. The word concrete comes from the Latin concretus, which means â€Å"mixed together† or compounded. Concrete is an extremely popular structural material due to its low cost and easy fabrication. Concrete is made up of sand or stone, known as aggregate, combined with cement paste to bind it. Aggregate can be of various sizes. It is broadly categorized as fine (commonly sand) and coarse (typically crushed stone or gravel).The greater proportion of concrete is aggregate which is bulky and relatively cheaper than the cement. As much of the constituents of concrete come from stone, it is often thought that concrete has the same qualities and will last forever. Concrete has been called artificial stone, cast stone, reconstructed stone and reconstituted stone. However, concrete must be thought of as a distinct material to stone. It has its own characteristic s in terms of durability, weathering and repair. Concrete is a relatively durable and robust building material, but it can be severely weakened by poor manufacture or a very aggressive environment.A number of historic concrete structures exhibit problems that are related to their date of origin. It is referred that the concrete is porous. The porosity is due to air-voids, water voids or due to the inherent porosity of gel structure itself. On account of the porosity, the strength of concrete is naturally reduced. It is conceived by many research workers that reduction of porosity results in increase of strength of concrete. Therefore, process like vibration, pressure application spinning etc. , have been practiced mainly to reduce porosity.All these methods have been found to be helpful to a great extent, but none of these methods could really help to reduce the water voids and the inherent porosity of gel which is estimated to be about 28%. The impregnation of monomer and subsequen t polymerization is the latest technique adopted to reduce the inherent porosity of the concrete to improve the strength and other properties of concrete. These problems can be solved by application of polymer in concrete construction. A polymer is a large molecule containing hundreds or thousands of atoms formed by combining one, two or occasionally more kinds of small molecule (monomers) into chain r network structures. The main polymer material used in concrete construction are polymer modified concrete and polymer concrete. Polymer modified concrete may be divided into two classes: polymer impregnated concrete and polymer cement concrete. The first is produced by impregnation of pre-cast hardened Portland cement concrete with a monomer that is subsequently converted to solid polymer. To produce the second, part of the cement binder of the concrete mix is replaced by polymer (often in latex form).Both have higher strength, lower water permeability, better resistance to chemicals, and greater freeze-thaw stability than conventional concrete. Polymer concrete (PC), or resin concrete, consists of a polymer binder which may be a thermoplastic but more frequently is a thermosetting polymer, and a mineral filler such as aggregate, gravel and crushed stone. PC has higher strength, greater resistance to chemicals and corrosive agents, lower water absorption and higher freeze-thaw stability than conventional Portland cement concrete.The pioneering work for the development of polymer concrete was taken up by United States Bureau of Reclamation (USBR). The initial exploratory works carried out at the Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) in cooperation with USBR and US in Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) revealed great improvement in compressive strength, permeability, impact resistance and abrasion resistance. The development of concrete-polymer composite material is directed at producing a new material by combining the ancient technology of cement concrete with the mod ern technology of polymer chemistry. 2.Types of Polymer Concrete Four types of polymer concrete materials are being developed presently. They are: a) Polymer Concrete (PC) b) Polymer Cement Concrete (PCC) c) Polymer impregnated Concrete (PIC) d) Partially Impregnated and surface coated polymer concrete The composites using polymer can be: polymer concrete (PC), when the binder is a polymer that replaces the cement paste, polymer modified concrete (PMC/ PCC), when the polymer is used near cement, polymer impregnated concrete (PIC), when the cement concrete is treated by soaking and polymerization.These composites have some advantages compared to ordinary cement concrete such as,rapid hardening, high mechanical strengths, chemical resistance, etc. Among the disadvantages is their high cost. The utilization domain of polymer concrete is continuously diversifying: PMC is widely used for floor and bridge overlays; acrylic latex has been used to produce mortars which can be sprayed on arc hitectural finish ; PIC was first widely used in bridge decks, pipes and conduits for aggressive fluids, floor tiles, building cladding, hazardous waste containment, post-tensioned beams and slabs, and stay-in place formwork.Polymer concrete is similar to ordinary cement concrete because it contains fine and coarse aggregates, but the hydraulic binder is totally substituted with a polymer material. The aggregates are bounded together by the polymer matrix. Polymer concrete contains no cement or water. The performances of polymeric concrete depend on the polymer properties, type of filler and aggregates, reinforcing fiber type, curing temperature, components dosage, etc. Polymer binder can be a thermoplastic, but more frequently a thermosetting polymer.The polymers most frequently used are based on four types of monomers or pre polymer system: methyl methacrylate, polyester prepolymerstyrene, epoxyde prepolymer hardener and furfuryl alcohol . The aggregates used in dry state can be s ilicates, quartz, crushed stone, gravel, limestone, calcareous, granite, clay, etc. In the composition can be used also the filler. Different types of fine materials can be used such as: fly ash, silica fume, phosphogyps, cinder, etc. Filler, especially fly ash, can improve the properties of polymer concrete . 3. History †¢ PC was used as early as 1958 in the USA to produce building cladding. Both PC and PCC have been in commercial use since the 1950s †¢ PIC was developed and has been in use since the 1970s †¢ Polymer concrete products have been used for decades in engineering construction like machine foundations, in the building industry for facade products and sanitary parts, in electrical engineering for isolation devices and especially in the chemical industry for all types of ducts due to its favourable properties, especially its corrosion resistance as well as its strength and elasticity †¢ The development of polymer concrete products, mostly pipe, dates b ack to the early 1960`s.The objective was to achieve a substantial increase in resistance to chemical attack †¢ With the development of trenchless technologies (micro-tunneling and pipe jacking) in 1970`s, polymer concrete pipes became popular in sewer systems.As such over the past years, the process of production and manufacturing of polymer concrete products like pipes, manholes and structures have been fundamentally improved †¢ Today it is used for cultured marble for counter tops, lavatories, as repair material, overlays for bridge and floors in sport arenas and stadiums, laboratories, hospitals, factories; also precast PC was used for drains, underground boxes, manholes, acid tanks and cells, tunnel lining, shells, floor tiles, architectural mouldings and machine tools and bases 4.Significance †¢ Depending on the materials employed, PC can develop compressive strengths of the order of 140 MPa within hours or even minutes and is therefore suitable for emergency co ncreting jobs in mines, tunnels, and highways †¢ PCC possess excellent bonding ability to old concrete, and high durability to aggressive solutions; it has therefore been used mainly for overlays in industrial floors, and for rehabilitation of deteriorated bridge decks. In the case of PIC, by effectively sealing the micro-cracks and capillary pores, it is possible to produce a virtually impermeable product which gives an ultimate strength of the same order as that of PC. PIC has been used for the production of high-strength pre-cast products and for improving the durability of bridge deck surfaces †¢ PCC possess excellent bonding ability to old concrete, and high durability to aggressive solutions; it has therefore been used mainly for overlays in industrial floors, and for rehabilitation of deteriorated bridge decks. In the case of PIC, by effectively sealing the micro-cracks and capillary pores, it is possible to produce a virtually impermeable product which gives an ult imate strength of the same order as that of PC. PIC has been used for the production of high-strength pre-cast products and for improving the durability of bridge deck surfaces †¢ Polymer concrete (PC) is a mixture of aggregates with a polymer as the sole binder. To minimize the amount of the expensive binder, it is very important to achieve the maximum possible dry packed density of the aggregate. . Polymer Concrete (PC) Polymer concrete is an aggregate bound with a polymer binder instead of Portland Cement as in conventional concrete. The main technique in producing PC is to minimize void volume in the aggregate mass so as to reduce the quantity of polymer needed for binding the aggregates. This is achieved by properly grading and mixing the aggregates to attain the maximum density and minimum void volume. The graded aggregates are prepacked and vibrated in a mould.Monomer is then diffused up through the aggregates and polymerization is initiated by radiation or chemical mean s. A silane coupling agent is added to the monomer to improve the bond strength between the polymer and the aggregate. In case polyester resins are used no polymerization is required. An important reason for the development of this material is the advantage it offers over conventional concrete where the alkaline Portland cement on curing, forms internal voids. Water can be entrapped in these voids which on freezing can readily cracks the concrete.Also the alkaline Portland cement is easily attacked by chemically aggressive materials which results in rapid deterioration, whereas polymers can be made compact with minimum voids and are hydrophobic and resistant to chemical attack. The strength obtained with PC can be as high as 140 MPa with a short curing period. However, such polymer concretes tend to be brittle and it is reported that dispersion of fiber reinforcement would improve the toughness and tensile strength of the material.The use of fibrous polyester concrete (FPC) in the c ompressive region of reinforced concrete beams provides a high strength, ductile concrete at reasonable cost. Also polyester concretes are visco-elastic in nature and will fail under sustained compressive loading at stress levels greater than 50 per cent of the ultimate strength. Therefore polyester concrete should be considered for structures with a high ratio of live load to dead load and for composite structures in which the polymer concrete may relax during long-term loading.Experiments conducted on FPC composite beams have indicated that they are performance effective when compared to reinforced concrete beam of equal steel reinforcement percentage. Such beams utilize steel in the region of high tensile stress, fibrous polyester concrete (FPC) with its favourable compressive behavior, in the regions of high compressive stress and Portland cement concrete in the regions of relatively low flexural stress. Properties of Polymer Concrete: †¢ Due to good chemical resistance and high initial strength and modulus of elasticity, industrial use of PC has been mainly in overlays and repair jobs. Thermal and creep characteristics of the material are usually not favorable for structural applications of PC. †¢ Polyester concretes are visco-elastic and will fail under a sustained compressive loading at stress levels greater than 50 percent of the ultimate strength. Sustained loadings at a stress level of 25 percent did not reduce ultimate strength capacity for a loading period of 1000 hr. 6. Polymer Cement Concrete (PCC) Polymer cement concrete is made by mixing cement, aggregates, water and monomer, such plastic mixture is cast in moulds.Cured, dried and polymerized. The monomers that are used in PCC are: a) Polyster-styrene. b) Epoxy-styrene c) Furans d) Vinylidene Chloride However, the results obtained by the production of PCC in this way have been disappointing and have shown relatively modest improvement of strength and durability. In many cases material s poorer than ordinary concrete are obtained. This behavior is explained by the fact that organic materials (monomers) are incompatible with aqueous systems and sometimes interfere with the alkaline cement hydration process.Recently Russian authors have reported the production of a superior Polymer cement concrete by the incorporation of furfural alcohol and aniline hydrochloride in the wet mix. This material is claimed to be specially dense and non-shrinking and to have high corrosion resistance, low permeability and high resistance to vibrations and axial extension. Washington State University in cooperation with Bureau of Reclamation tested the incorporation of several monomers into Wet Concrete for preparing PCC for fabrication of distillation units for water desalination plants.However, it is reported that only epoxy resin produced a concrete that showed some superior characteristics over ordinary concrete. †¢ The materials and the production technology for concrete in PCC are the same as those used in normal Portland Cement concrete except that latex, which is a colloidal suspension of polymer in water, is used as an admixture. †¢ Earlier latexes were based on polyvinyl acetate or polyvinylidene chloride, but these are seldom used now because of the risk of corrosion of steel in concrete in the latter case, and low wet strengths in the former. Elasto-meric or rubberlike polymers based on styrenebutadiene and polyacrylate copolymers are more commonly used now. Latex: †¢ A latex generally contains about 50 % by weight of spherical and very small (0. 01 to 1 m in diameter) polymer articles held in suspension in water by surface-active agents. †¢ The presence of surface-active agents in the latex tends to incorporate large amounts of entrained air in concrete; therefore, air detraining agents are usually added to commercial latexes. 10 to 25 percent polymer (solid basis) by weight of cement is used in typical PCC formulations †¢ The addition of latex provides a large quantity of the needed mixing water in concrete. †¢ The application of PCC is limited to overlays where durability to severe environmental conditions is of primary concern. †¢ PCC is made with as low an addition of extra mixing water as possible; the spherical polymer molecules and the entrained air associated with the latex usually provide excellent workability. Concrete Mix and Curing: †¢ Typically, water-cement ratios are in the range0. 40 to 0. 5, and cement contents are on the order of 390 to 420 kg/m3. †¢ The hardening of a latex takes place by drying or loss of water. †¢ Dry curing is mandatory for PCC; the material cured in air is believed to form a continuous and coherent polymer film which coats the cement hydration products, aggregate particles, and even the capillary pores. Properties: †¢ The most impressive characteristics of PCC are its ability to bond strongly with old concrete, and to resist the entry o f water and aggressive solutions. †¢ It is believed that the polymer film lining the capillary pores and micro-cracks does an excellent job in impeding the fluid flow in PCC. These characteristics have made the PCC a popular material for rehabilitation of deteriorated floors, pavements, and bridge decks. 7. Polymer Impregnated Concrete (PIC) Polymer impregnated concrete is one of the widely used polymer composite. It is nothing but a pre-cast conventional concrete, cured and dried in oven, or by dielectric heating from which the air in the open cell is removed by vacuum. Then a low viscosity monomer is diffused through the open cell and polymerized by using radiation, application of heat or by chemical initiation. Mainly the following types of monomer are used: a) Methylmethacrylate (MMA) ) Styrene c) Acrylonitrile d) T-butyl styrene e) Other thermoplastic monomers The amount of monomer that can be loaded into a concrete specimen is limited by the amount of water and air that h as occupied the total void space. It is necessary to know the concentration of water and air void in the system to determine the rate of monomer penetration. However, the main research effort has been towards obtaining a maximum monomer loading in concrete by the removal of water and air from the concrete by vacuum or thermal drying, the latter being more practicable for water removal because of its rapidity.Another parameter to consider is evacuation of the specimen prior to soaking in monomer. This eliminates the entrapment of air towards the centre of the specimen during soaking which might otherwise prevent total or maximum monomer loading. The application of pressure is another technique to reduce monomer loading time. 8. Partially Impregnated (or Coated in Depth CID) and Surface Coated (SC) Concrete Partial impregnation may be sufficient in situations where the major requirement is surface resistance against chemical and mechanical attack in addition to strength increase.Even with only partial impregnation, significant increase in the strength of original concrete has been obtained. The partially impregnated concrete could be produced by initially soaking the dried specimens in liquid monomer like methyl methacrylate, then sealing them by keeping them under hot water at 70 C to prevent or minimize loss due to evaporation. The polymerization can be done by using thermal catalytic method in which three per cent by weight of benzoyl peroxide is added to the monomer as a catalyst. It is seen that the depth of monomer penetration is dependent upon following: a) Pore structure of hardened and dried concrete ) The duration of soaking, and c) The viscosity of the monomer The potential application of polymer impregnated concrete surface treatment (surface coated concrete, SC) is in improving the durability of concrete bridge decks. Bridge deck deterioration is a serious problem everywhere, particularly due to an abrasive wear, freeze-thaw deterioration, spalling and corrosion of reinforcement. Excellent penetration has been achieved by ponding the monomer on the concrete surface. Due care should be taken to prevent evaporation of monomer when ponded on concrete surface.A 5 cms thick slab, on being soaked by MMA for 25 hours produced a polymer surface coated depth of 2. 5 cms. Significant increases in the tensile and compressive strengths, modulus of elasticity and resistance to acid attack have been achieved. The application of monomer for field application like in bridge decks poses more problems than laboratory application. A typical surface treatment in the field can be done in the following manner. a) The surface is dried for several days with electrical heating blanket. b) Remove the heating blanket and cover the slab with 0. 4 cum oven-dried light-weight aggregate per 100 sqm. c) Apply initially 2,000 to 3,000 ml of the monomer system per square meter. d) Cover the surface with polyethylene to retard evaporation. e) Shade the surface to prevent temperature increase which might initiate polymerization prematurely, that may reduce penetration into the concrete. f) Add periodically additional monomer to keep the aggregate moist for minimum soak time of 8 hours. g) Apply heat to polymerize the monometer: Heating blanket, steam or hot water can be used for this purpose. Some of the promising monomer systems for this purpose are: ) Methylmethacrystalate (MMA), 1% Benzoyl peroxide (BP), 10% Trimethylopropane thimethacrylate (TMPTMA). b) Isodecyl methacrystalate (IDMA), 1% BP, 10% TMPTMA c) Isobutylmethacrystalate (IBMA), 1% BP, 10% TMPTMA BP acts as a catalyst and TMPTMA is a cross linking agent which helps in polymerization at low temperature of 52%C. 9. Properties of Polymer Impregnated Concrete Since polymer impregnated concrete (PIC) is one of the most important category of polymer concrete, the properties of PIC are discussed below. Stress – Strain Relationship The stress strain curve for MMA –impreg nated concrete tested to failure is shown in fig. elow.. PIC has a nearly linear stress strain relationship to failure. There is very little departure from linearity upto 90% of ultimate strength and there is no abrupt change at the proportional limit. The stress strain curves for Styrene TMTMPTMA impregnated concrete also show the same characteristics as for MMA impregnated concrete. The modulus of elasticity increased from 27 GPa for un-impregnated specimen to 49 GPa for MMA impregnated specimens. [pic] Compressive Strength The effect of polymer loading on the compressive strength in PIC is given in the following figure.Using methylemethacrystalate as monomer and with a polymer loading of 6. 4%, strength of the order of 144 MPa have been obtained using radiation technique of polymerization. (The control specimen had compressive strength of 38 MPa). The compressive strength obtained with thermal catalytic process was 130 MPa. [pic] [pic] Styrene impregnated specimens exhibit simila r trends, except that the strength levels were somewhat lower. The polymerization by radiation method produced a concrete of higher strength than the produced by thermal catalytic method.Perlite concrete impregnated with MMA and polyester styrene have also shown considerable increases in compressive strengths. It is found the higher strengths are obtained with MMA impregnated sample than with polyester styrene. The average compressive strength for a 1:8 non-air entrained perlite concrete samples, impregnated with MMA was 56 MPa for polymer loading of 63% compared to control specimen of compressive strength 1. 2 MPa. Tensile Strength The increase in tensile strength in the case of PIC has been observed to be as high as 3. times that of the control specimen for polymer loading of 6. 4% MMA i. e. impregnated concrete have shown tensile strength of the order of 11. 6 MPa compared to the strength of control specimen of 3 MPa using radiation process of polymerization. Thermal catalyticall y initiated polymerization, produced concrete with tensile strength 3. 6 times that of the control specimen and 7. 3% less than that of radiation produced concrete. Polymer Concrete : Polyester resin concrete with binder continent varying from 20 to 25% have shown tensile strengths in the range of 9 to 10 MPa at 7 days.Polymer Cement Concrete: Polymer cement concrete using latex has given tensile strength of 5. 8 MPa with a latex / cement ratio of 0. 25; compared to the control specimen of 4. 4 MPa strength. The increase in tensile strength is very modest. Flexural Strength Polymer impregnated concrete with polymer loading of 5. 6% MMA and polymerized by radiation have shown flexural strength 3. 6 times more than that of the control specimen, i. e. the flexural strength was increased to 18. 8 MPa from 5. 2 MPa. Polymer Concrete (PC) Polymer resin concrete has been reported to give flexural strength of the order of 15 MPa at 7 days.Creep Compressive Creep deformation of MMA impregnat ed concrete and styrene-impregnated concrete has been observed to be in direction opposite to that of the applied road i. e, Negative Creep. After the typical initial movement during load application, these concretes expand under sustained compression. The reason for this negative creep in PIC is not very clear though it may be possible that it is due to residual stresses generated in the concrete after polymerization of monomers. The increased volume may also be due to phase changes induced by pressure. This behaviour has been noticed at a relatively loiw loading of 5. MPa. Otherwise creep deformation of PIC concrete is generally one-tenth of conventional concrete, when compared on a basis of deformation per unit load. Creep deformation generally stabilizes after two to three months. Shrinking due to Polymerisation Shrinkage occurs through two stages of impregnation treatment i. e. , through initial drying and through polymerisation. The shrinkage through polymerisation is peculiar to PIC and could be several times greater than the normal drying shrinkage. It has been seen that for the same base material, different monomer systems cause different amounts of shrinkage.It is expected that the shrinkage due to polymerisation will be less for a base that has higher modulus of elasticity. Durability The saturation of the hydrated cement with corrosion resistant polymer probably acts as a protective coating and results in excellent improvement in durability. a) Frees Thaw Resistance: Polymer impregnated concrete has shown excellent resistance to freeze-thaw MMA impregnated and radiation polymerized specimens have withstood 8110 cyclens of freeze-thaw compared to 740 cycles in case of unimpregnated concrete. Even partially impregnated concrete withstood 2310 cycles. ) Resistance to Sulphate Attack: Keeping a failure criteria of 0. 5% expansion, it has been observed that there is atleast 200 percent improvement in the resistance of polymer impregnated concrete and 89 % improvement in the case of partially impregnated concrete over the conventional concrete. c) Acid Resistance: The acid resistance of PIC has been observed to improve by 1200 percent when exposed to 15% HCI for 1395 days. Water Absorption A maximum reduction of 95 percent in water absorption has been observed with concrete containing 5. 9 percent polymer loading. Co-efficient of Thermal Expansion:Polymer impregnated concrete has higher co-efficient of thermal expansion compared to conventional concrete. Compared to the unimpregnated concrete having a value of 4. 02 X 10-6, a 5. 5% MMA, radiation polymerized concrete has a co-efficient of thermal expansion of 5. 63 X 10-6, and styrene impregnated specimens have shown a value of 5. 10 X 10-6. Resistance to Abrasion Polymer impregnated concrete has shown appreciable improvement in resistance to abrasion. A 5. 5% MMA impregnated concrete has been found to be 50 to 80 per cent more resistance to abrasion than the control specimen.Even s urface impregnated concrete slabs have shown an improvement of 20 to 50%. Wear and Skid Resistance. Though there may be apprehension that polymer filled voids in polymer concrete might produce a slippery surface, on actual wear track test, it was found that the treated surfaces show excellent skid resistance compared to the unimpregnated surfaces. The wear after 50,000 simlated vehicular passes has been less than 0. 025cm. Fracture of Polymer impregnated Concrete Polymer impregnation of concrete changes its microstructure radically resulting in a change in the cracking behaviour of the impregnated concrete under load.Impregnation improves the strength of the mortar matrix and also the strength of the paste-aggregate interface by elimination of microcracks. Polymer probably enters the aggregates also and forms a network of polymer fibres across the interface, thus strengthening it. Radiographic studies have shown that micro cracking starts first around 70 to 80% of the ultimate load, very often in the mortar phase. When an advancing crack reaches an aggregate, it does not follow the aggregate boundary as in ordinary concrete, but usually propagates through the aggregate.This indicates that the paste aggregate interface bond is significantly improved by polymer impregnation. It has been observed that PIC indicates nearly linear behaviour to failure, which is typical of brittle material. The brittle nature of PIC presents a severe design limitation. It would be ideal to produce a material with the slow failure mode of normal concrete while retaining the high strength and modulus of elasticity of PIC. One method to achieve this ideal is to adjust the past aggregate bond so that the failure mode is through the interface like in ordinary concrete.In principle, this can be achieved by using a very strong and tough aggregate, so that the advancing crack is diverted round to the paste-aggregate interface. The fracture mode of PIC can also be altered by incorporating a small quantity (1% by volume) of fibres in the matrix. The fibres do not affect the modulus of elasticity of concrete due to their low concentration, but serve to inhibit crack propagation through the mortar by acting as crack arrestors. 10. Sequence of Operations Drying and evacuation:The time and temperature needed for removal of free water from the capillary pores of moist-cured products depend on the thickness of the elements. At the drying temperatures ordinarily used (i. e. , 105 C), it may require 3 to 7 days before free water has been completely removed from a 150- by 300-mm concrete cylinder. Temperatures on the order of 150 C can accelerate the drying process so that it is complete in 1 to 2 days. Soaking the dried concrete in a monomer: The in situ penetration of concrete in the field may be achieved by surface ponding, but precast elements are directly immersed in the monomercatalyst mixture.Commercial monomers contain inhibitors that prevent premature polymerization dur ing storage; the catalyst serves to overcome the effect of the inhibitor. Sealing the monomer: To prevent loss of monomer by evaporation during handling and polymerization, the impregnated elements must be effectively sealed in steel containers or several layers of aluminum foil; In the rehabilitation of bridge decks this has been achieved by covering the surface with sand. Polymerizing the monomer: Thermal – catalytical polymerization is the preferred technique.The time for complete polymerization of the monomer in the sealed elements exposed to steam, hot water or air, or infrared heat at 70 to C may vary from a few to several hours. In the case of a MMA-benzoyl peroxide mixture, no differences in strength were found between specimens polymerized at C with hot air for 16 hr or with hot water for 4 hr. 11. Application of Polymer Impregnated Concrete Keeping in view the numerous beneficial properties of the PIC, it is found useful in a large number of applications, some of wh ich have been listed and discussed below: a) Pre-fabricated structural elements. ) Pre-stressed Concrete c) Marine works d) Desalination Plants e) Nuclear Power plants f) Sewage works-pipe and disposal works. g) Ferro cement products h) For water proofing of structures i) Industrial applications a) Pre-fabricated Structural Elements: For solving the tremendous problem of Urban Housing shortage, maintaining quality, economy and speed, builders had to fall back on pre-fabricated techniques of construction. At present due to the low strength of conventional concrete, the pre-fabricated sections are large and heavy, resulting in costly handling and erection.These reasons have prevented wide adoption of pre-fabrication in many countries. At present, the technique of polymer impregnation is ideally suited for pre cast concrete, it will find unquestionable use in industrialization of building components. Owning to higher strength, much thinner and lighter sections could be used which enabl es easy handling and erection. They can be even used in high rise building without much difficulties. b) Pre-stressed Concrete: Further development in pre-stressed concrete is hindered by the inability to produce high strength concrete, compactable with the high tensile steel available for pre-stressing.Since PIC provides a high compressive strength of the order of 100 to 140 MPa, it will be possible to use it for larger spans and for heavier loads. Low creep properties of PIC will also make it a good material for pre-stressed concrete. c) Marine Works: Aggressive nature of sea water, abrasive and leaching action of waves and inherent porosity, impair the durability of conventional concrete in marine works. PIC possessing high surface hardness, very low permeability and greatly increased resistance to chemical attack, is a suitable material for marine works. ) Desalination Plants: Desalination of sea water is being resorted to augment the shortage of surface and ground water in many countries. The material used in construction of flash distillation vessels in such works has to withstand the corrosive effects of disilted water, brine and vapour at temperature up to 1430 C. Carbon steel vessels which are currently in use are comparatively costly and deteriorate after prolonged use. Preliminary economic evaluation has indicated a savings in construction cost over that of conventional concrete by the use of PIC. ) Nuclear Power Plants: To cope up with the growing power requirements for industrial purposes, many countries are resorting to nuclear power generation. The Nuclear contained vessel (Pressure vessel) is a major element, which is required to withstand high temperatures and provide shield against radiations. Another attendant problem of nuclear power generation is the containment of spent fuel rods which are radioactive over long period of time to avoid radiation hazards. At present heavy weight concrete is being used for this purpose, which is not very eff ective.PIC having high impermeability coupled with high strength and marked durability provides an answer to these problems. f) Sewage Disposal Works: It is common experience that concrete sewer pipes deteriorate due to the attack of effluents and when buried in sulphate infested soils. Further in the sewage treatment plant, concrete structures are subjected to severe attack from corrosive gases particularly in sludge digestion tanks. Polymer-impregnated concrete due to its high sulphate and acid resistance, will prove to be a suitable material in these situations. ) Impregnation of Ferro-cement products: The ferro-cement techniques of construction is being extensively used in the manufacture of boats, fishing trawlers, domestic water tanks, grain storage tanks, man hole cover, etc. , Ferro cement products are generally this (1 to 4 cms) and as such are liable to corrode. Application of polymer impregnation techniques should improve the functional efficiency of ferro-cement products . h) Water Proofing of Structures: Seepage and leakage of water through roof and bathroom slabs, it a nagging problem and has not been fully over come by the use of conventional water proofing methods.The use of polymer impregnated mortar should solve this problem. i) Industrial Applications: Concrete has been used for floor in tanneries, Chemical Factories, dairy farms and in similar situations for withstanding the chemical attack, but performance has not been very satisfactory. The newly developed PIC will provide a permanent solution for durable flooring in such situations. 12. Case Studies: Two case studies are presented as follows: 1. Properties of Fiber Reinforced Polymer Concrete studied by Marinela Barbuta and Maria Harja 2. Polymer Concrete for Structural Restoration and Corrosion Protection of Concrete Support Columns.I. Properties of Fiber Reinforced Polymer Concrete studied by Marinela Barbuta and Maria Harja The experimental results of studies regarding polymer concrete with cellulose fibers are presented. The compositions used in the present study derive from a previous one which investigated a large number of compositions using different dosages of resin and filler. The mechanical characteristics such as: compressive strength, flexural strength and split tensile strength were investigated on fiber reinforced polymer concrete made with different dosages of resin and filler, the fiber dosage being constant for all mixtures.Materials The experimental researches on polymer concrete were made by using the following materials: polymer, fly ash as filler, crushed aggregates and fiber type ARBOCEL. The polymer was type epoxy resin, called ROPOXID, made in Romania by POLICOLOR Bucharest . The hardener was type ROMANID 407, also made by POLICOLOR Bucharest. The fly ash (FA) from the power plant CET Holboca, Jassy, was added to the fine aggregates. The fly ash is an inorganic waste produced by burning pulverized coal in power stations. Fly ash consists of many small, glass-like particles ranging in size from 0. 01 to 100 ? m.Chemically FA contains oxides, hydroxides, carbonates, silicates, and sulphates of calcium, iron and aluminum. The content in carbon is given from loss ignition. FA is a heterogeneous mixture of amorphous and crystalline phases and is generally considered to be a ferroaluminosilicate element. The mineralogical, physical and chemical properties of FA depend on the nature and composition of the coal, conditions of combustion, type of emission control devices, storage and evacuation methods. Storage methods may affect weathering rates, especially under humid conditions where soluble constituents may be leached.The principal characteristics of FA are: colour gray to black, function of carbon unburned, particles sizes between 0. 01 to 100 ? m; the shape of particles is spherical, specific surface is between 4,800. . . 5,200, the density is between 2,400 and 2,550 kg/m3 [ The aggregates were used in two sorts: 0. . . 4 mm and 4. . . 8 mm, with continuous granulosity, obtained from crushed river gravel by S. C. EMBERON SRL Jassy. The ARBOCEL fibers are natural cellulose fibers, produced by J. Rettenmaier & S? ohne GMBH. ARBOCEL is produced from cellulose in various qualities (fiber lengths, thicknesses, purities, etc. The properties of ARBOCEL cellulose fibers are: mean fiber length of 10 ? m, completely safe, insoluble in water and organic solvents, resistant to dilute acids and bases. The fiber was used in proportion of 3% from the mass of resin plus the hardener. Experimental Samples For the study of polymer concrete properties nine compositions (BPFF) were prepared in the experimental program (Table 1). [pic] The polymer concrete with different compositions as is given in Table 1, was prepared by mixing firstly the resin with hardener, then after complete homogenization the fibers were introduced in the mixture as shown in fig below [pic] Fig 1. Cellulose fiber mixing with resin. The fly ash w as added to the mix of aggregates and the resin and aggregates were mixed by the mechanical mixer. After complete mixing, the polymer concrete was poured in formworks. For each composition the density was determined. The following mechanical characteristics were experimentally tested: compressive strength on cube sample of 70. 7 mm sizes, flexural strength and split tensile strength on prismatic samples of sizes 210? 70? 70 mm, according to standard prescriptions. [pic] Fig. 2. – Samples of polymer concrete with fibers. Results and DiscussionsAccording to EN 12390/2001 the mechanical characteristics of polymer concrete with cellulose fiber, experimentally determined namely: compressivestrength (fc), flexural strength (fti) and split tensile strength (ftd) are given in Table below . [pic] From the experimental results the following observations can be made: a) The values of compressive strengths for polymer concrete with fibers (Fig. 3) vary between 62. 62 MPa (for BPFF7) and 46. 41 MPa (for BPFF2). Fig. 3. – Variation of compressive strength for polymer concrete with fiber. [pic] Fig. 3. – Variation of compressive strength for polymer concrete with fiber. ) With the increasing of resin and fly ash dosage the compressive strengths increase (Figs. 4 and 5). [pic] Compressive strength, MPa Fig. 4. – Variation of compressive strength for polymer concrete with fiber vs. the resin content, for 6. 4% FA. [pic] Fig. 5. – Variation of compressive strength for polymer concrete with fiber vs. the FA content, for 12. 4% resin. d) The values of flexure strengths for polymer concrete with fibers (Fig. 6)vary between 17. 57 MPa (for BPFF9) and 13. 55 MPa (for BPFF8), so, the decrease of resin dosage results in the increase of flexure strength. pic] Fig. 6. – Variation of flexural strength for polymer concrete with fiber. [pic] [pic] Fig. 7. – Variation of split tensile strength for polymer concrete with fiber: a – vs. t he resin content; b – vs. the sample number. d) The values of split tensile strengths for polymer concrete with fibers (Fig. 7) vary between 6. 94 MPa (for BPFF9) and 4. 29 N/mm2 (for BFF7); the increase of resin dosage results in the increase of split tensile strength. The experimental researches lead to the following observations: a) For the maximum epoxy resin dosage (16. %) compressive strength is reduced near minimum value, the flexure strength is medium, but the split tensile strength has high value. b) For the minimum epoxy resin dosage (12. 4%) compressive strength is reduced under the medium value, the flexure strength is also reduced, and the split tensile strength has value over the medium. c) For the maximum fly ash dosage (12. 8%) compressive strength and flexurestrength are medium, but the split tensile strength is near the highest value. d) For the minimum fly ash dosage (6. 4%) compressive strength and flexure strength are under the medium and the split tensil e strength is near medium value. ) For the same dosage of epoxy resin the maximum compressive strength and flexure strength were obtained for maximum fly ash dosage. It results that for increasing the compressive strength and flexure strength at same dosage of resin and fiber, it must be used the maximum dosage of fly ash. f) For the split tensile strength it must be used a medium fly ash dosage; The values of mechanical characteristics of polymer concrete are smaller then those of mechanical characteristics obtained for polymer concrete with silica fume and polymer concrete with fly ash . The author concluded that The experimental researches concerning the polymer concrete had investigatedthe mechanical characteristics of epoxy polymer concrete prepared with cellulose fibers and fly ash as filler. †¢ When the same dosage of cellulose fibers is used, the content of resin must be increased. Also for obtaining good mechanical properties the filler is used with higher dosages. â⠂¬ ¢ The experimental values of mechanical strengths for polymer concrete with cellulose fibers were smaller then that for polymer concrete without fibers. This type of fibers is not a good choice for polymer concrete reinforcement. II.Polymer Concrete for Structural Restoration and Corrosion Protection of Concrete Support Columns by David E. Snider and Heather M. Ramsey of Sauereisen Inc. A large copper mine and refinery in the western United States had a dilemma. Their cell house, which contains over 1,500 cells, each holding more than 20,000 gallons of electrolyte, had experienced severe corrosion and structural degradation of the support columns for the tanks. These columns support the cells in their solvent extraction and electrowinning process. This process entails immersion of a stainless steel cathode or â€Å"starter plate† into the electrolyte.Pure copper is deposited onto the starter plate during this 10-day digestion process. The collected copper is then further r efined at a separate location. Over time, highly acidic leakage from the cells had corroded the support columns to the point that their ability to adequately withstand the imposed load was in doubt. Additionally, the refinery desired to upgrade the facility’s ability to withstand seismic activity. The leakage, primarily copper sulfate and 25% sulfuric acid at a pH of 1. 0 or less, corroded not only the concrete but more significantly the reinforcement bar (rebar) encased in the concrete.Corrosion of the rebar resulted in an increase of internal pressure due to expansion of the corrosion products, therefore putting the concrete in high tensile stress. The direct effect of this stress was cracking and spalling of the concrete. Figure 1 shows a typical degradated column requiring restoration. [pic] The original construction of the columns used the rebar spaced 6-inches on center vertically and 18-inches on center horizontally. The refinery’s standard repair procedure was to remove corrosion products from the concrete and steel and then to top them with a polymer-modified portland-cement mortar.This standard repair method requires two (2) to three (3) days per column, and although temporarily affective, did not meet the company’s desire for a long-term solution. They decided upon a new approach using a polymer concrete (PC), which is a bisphenol A based-epoxy. This material is designed for maximum flowability, mechanical properties and chemical resistance. The PC repair system utilizes the polymer concrete for encapsulation, chemical protection, mechanical support and resistance to physical abuse. Figures 2 illustrates the method by which the stainless steel rebar was attached to the columns after surface-preparation.Stainless steel rebar was imbedded into the concrete floor using an epoxy mortar. Channels were saw-cut vertically in the concrete column. These channels provided a recess into which the rebar was bent and then secured into place with the epoxy mortar. Grouting of the rebar with this high strength epoxy mortar also served to provide tensile stress relief. By lowering stress relief, corrosion rates are reduced. [pic] Figure 2. Stainless steel rebar bent and grouted into the channels. To further ensure structural integrity and to upgrade seismic capabilities, the company chose to use fiberglass reinforcement (FRP) strips and wraps nder the PC. The strips were installed vertically on the columns and a fiberglass fabric was wrapped around the columns horizontally. The columns were formed and the polymer concrete was poured into place completely encapsulating the columns, the rebar and the FRP. This method required two (2) days per column. To date, 75 columns have been repaired using this method. Figures 3 and 4 show the forming and pouring of the PC. Figure 5 shows the PC after the form has been removed and the FRP that was applied to the columns. [pic] Figure 3. The forms placed around the column. . [pic] As me ntioned earlier, an important property of the PC is the flowability. The test for this property is ASTM C-143 and measures the â€Å"slump† of the polymer concrete. (Figure 6). A slump of 6 inches is considered to be flowable. This particular polymer concrete exhibits a slump of 8-inches, which is very flowable. Figures 6, 7 and 8 illustrate the flowability of the polymer concrete mixture. Table 1 lists some of the other physical properties of the polymer concrete used on this repair that were important considerations. [pic] Property at 7-days Value Property at 7- Days | Value | |Density |135 pounds/cft (2. 2gm/sq. cm) | |Compressive Strength |12,000 psi (84. 4 N/sq mm) | |Flexural Strength |3,000 psi (21. 1 N/ Sq. mm) | |Modulus of Elasticity |1. 08x 10(6)psi 7600 N/Sq mm | |Shrinkage` |0. 9 % | |Tensile Strength |2,400 psi (16. 9 N/Sq. mm) | The PC is roughly three times as strong as a portland cement mix (about 4,000 psi (281 kg / sq. cm. 28. 1 N/sq mm)) and is not chemic ally affected by the electrolyte. These properties make it an ideal product for the column restoration. As expected, none of the 75 columns repaired to date have exhibited any signs of failure and have required no maintenance since the repair program commenced in early 2007.Coatings will typically have a service life of 8 to 15 years depending upon the exposure and physical abuse. However, in this case, typical service life of coatings was six months. Their service life is also affected and somewhat limited as a result of application thickness. Coatings are generally applied at thicknesses ranging from a few mils up to a few hundred mils. Polymer concretes, however, are applied at a minimum thickness of 1 inch and may be applied as thick as 18 inches. The thickness of barrier coatings determines the overall permeability, which is a measure of water vapor’s ability to pass through a material.If the coating is less than 250 mils, the method used to determine permeability is bas ed on the water-vapor transmission (WVT) test ASTM E-96 or ASTM D-1653. Permeance is calculated from WVT. Permeability is obtained by multiplying permeance by thickness. A permeability of 10-8 (1. 49 x 10- 17 grams/Pa†¢s†¢m) or less is generally considered to provide a good barrier coating. Also due to the thickness, and other considerations, the service life of a polymer concrete is longer and requires far less maintenance. Experience with PCs by this manufacturer has shown no failures after 15 years of service.Laboratory evaluations coupled with field observations indicate the service life of PCs to be typically greater than 25 years. Figure 9 illustrates the completed column, including a protective topcoat for the FRP reinforced concrete. Although not needed for functionality, the topcoat was extended over the PC for aesthetics and coating integrity. [pic] Figure 9. Completed column repair. Many users of polymer concretes will entirely replace portland concrete with a f ull thickness of the polymer concrete. This is particularly true when extended downtimes are prohibitive. The lengthy cure time for standard portland based ement prior to receiving a protective coating is unacceptable for many facilities. After placement, polymer concretes may be placed into full chemical service after a 24-hour cure. Furthermore, with the strengths achieved with PC, it is usually possible to reduce the overall thickness to about ? of that commonly used with portland concretes. Typical thicknesses for PCs range from 1-inch to 4-inches. Polymer concretes may be engineered, formed and placed in the same manner that one would employ with a portland concrete structure. They also are reinforced in the same manner as portland concretes.Polymer concrete thicknesses are typically much less than that of the Portland concrete, therefore smaller diameter rebar is often used. At a thickness of 1 inch, one would use lesser thick rebar instead of a reasonably higher thick rebar c ommonly found with portland concrete constructions. Due to the ease of installation, the facility’s local preferred contractor was able to perform the work. The author concluded that Polymer concretes, which do not contain portland cement, have demonstrated tenacity as a protective barrier material in this difficult application and many others.This application required corrosion protection from a severely aggressive electrolyte, as well as protection from physical abuse. Other essential requirements were a system affording both ease of use and a quick turnaround time. Polymer concretes are also proving to be cost effective alternatives to using portland cement-based concretes with chemical-resistant topcoats for corrosion protection. The cost of maintenance for polymer concretes per year of service life is significantly less than that of concrete with applied barrier coatings, which may require multiple re-applications over the same number of years of service.Conclusion: 1. T he major factor that has been responsible for the extensive use of polymer-based materials in civil engineering is their advantages, viz . increased tensile strength, compressive strength, freeze-thaw durability, and decreased water permeability to a negligible value. 2. Owing to its excellent resistance to chemical attack i. e sulphate attack, acidic attack, saline water, radiation from nuclear substances polymer concrete has great potential over Portland cement for the design of structures in such industries, desalination plants, nuclear plants, underwater structures, overlays in bridge decks. . There are many type of application of repairing material available such as grout, motar, concrete, sprayed concrete and cement based material. Among these, resin based materials are performed much better than the others. 4. The cost of maintenance for polymer concretes per year of service life is significantly less than that of concrete with applied barrier coatings, which may require mult iple re-applications over the same number of years of service. 5. Extended use of pre stressed elements could be permitted with the reduced permeability possible. 6.The incorporation of dyes with the plastics used for polymerization opens another aesthetic aspect of concern to civil engineers and architects, as does the potential size decrease for greater span/depth ratios. 7. The only barrier to be focussed on is its higher cost in comparison to OPC and further research for economic production of polymer concrete would help to overcome this problem. References 1. â€Å"Properties of Fiber Reinforced Polymner Concrete†, Msrinela Barbuta and Maria Harja, Univerisity Technica, Tomul LIV(LVIII) Fasc,3, 2008, Constructii Architectura. . Muttukumar M. , Mohan D. J. , Polymer Res. 12, (2004) 3. â€Å"Polymer Concrete for Structural Restoration and corrosion protection of Concrete Support Columns† of David E. Snider and Heather M. Samsey of Sauereisen Inc. , 4. â€Å"Polymer concrete and its potential in the Construction industry†, Luke M. Snell,1 H. Aldridge Gillespie, and Robert Y. Nelson, Department of Civil Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, and School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Science, University of Oklahoma Norman

Impacts of Computer - 874 Words

Effects of Computer on Society Everyone knows that this is the age of computer and majority of people are using computer. Development of science and technology has direct effect on our daily life as well as in our social life. Computer technology has made communication possible from one part of the world to the other in seconds. They can see the transactions in one part of the world while staying in the other part. Computer development is one of the greatest scientific achievements of the 20 the century. Computers are particularly good at performing repetitive tasks at speeds far faster than any human or team of humans can. Small computers like home and personal computers can also perform menial tasks much faster than human beings.†¦show more content†¦Computer has both negative and positive impacts on our daily lives. The Internet can also affect our jobs. Computers can calculate and figure out things much quicker than the average person. This process cannot only save time, but money too. Stock trading is now on the Internet, along with banking and any other type of business you could imagine. The world wants thing to be quick and easy. The best answer to that is to have a computer do it for you. In the future, hundreds of millions of jobs will be taken away from honest hard-working employees and will be given to computers. No matter what choices we make, or what plans we change, these outcomes are going to become real. Now people do not need to attend schools in public because they go to school online which saves money and time. Every day computers are getting more advanced and some day it will be computers ruling our world. Computers and the Internet are definitely affecting the way we entertain ourselves. The most basic example is card games. If the computer can deal out cards on a screen with the click of a button, why would anyone want to deal out a deck of cards manually and have to clean them up afterwards? 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